---
title: "Probability"
type: "article"
slug: "probability"
url: "http://localhost/article/probability/"
markdown_url: "http://localhost/article/probability.md"
published_at: "2026-10-26T23:20:35+00:00"
modified_at: "2026-10-26T23:20:36+00:00"
featured_image:
  url: "http://localhost/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/20230809-041332.jpg"
excerpt: "Probability theory enters into coin tossing: ie \"heads or tails\" out of so many tosses. The counting rules for the possible outcome of a 2-outcome trial is 2^n where n is the number of trials. Thus if there are 3 flips the possible combinations would be HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT which…"
post_tag:
  - name: "TS 2068"
    slug: "ts2068"
    taxonomy: "post_tag"
    url: "http://localhost/tag/ts2068/"
  - name: "Type-in program"
    slug: "type-in-program"
    taxonomy: "post_tag"
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model:
  - name: "Timex/Sinclair 2068"
    slug: "ts-2068"
    taxonomy: "model"
    url: "http://localhost/model/ts-2068/"
indiv:
  - name: "Dick Wagner"
    slug: "dick-wagner"
    taxonomy: "indiv"
    url: "http://localhost/indiv/dick-wagner/"
publication: "The Plotter"
publication_r:
  id: 21216
  title: "The Plotter"
  type: "periodical"
  url: "http://localhost/periodical/the-plotter/"
authors: "Dick Wagner"
volume: "6"
issue: "5"
issues_articles:
  - id: 39459
    title: "The Plotter v6 n5"
    type: "issue"
    url: "http://localhost/issue/the-plotter-v6-n5/"
pages: "6"
pubdate: "May 1988"
archive_link: false
volumeissue: "v6n5"
---

# Probability

Probability theory enters into coin tossing: ie “heads or tails” out of so many tosses. The counting rules for the possible outcome of a 2-outcome trial is 2^n where n is the number of trials. Thus if there are 3 flips the possible combinations would be HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT which is 2^3 or 8 combinations. This is describes in an article in ZXAPPEAL, April 86, called PASCAL’S TRIANGLE, which includes a short program to generate the possible combinations for tries ranging from 1 to 8 flips. The combinations are calculated and the calculations produce the chances of each combination appearing.

### PASCAL’S TRIANGLE

Blaise Pascal, a French philosopher and mathematician of the 17th century, was for a time interested in games of chance. This interest led him to discover certain important rules about the probabilities of getting heads or tails on the toss of a coin. His findings are described in a triangle formation of numbers which shows easily the chance of getting heads or tails, or any combination of them, on a given number of tosses of a coin.

After running this program you can examine the triangle for these probabilities for as many as 8 tosses. If you make one toss, the chance of getting heads is 1 out of 2. If you toss 2 times your chance of getting 2 heads is 1 out of 4; of getting 1 head and 1 tail, 2 out of 4, and of course 2 tails is 1 out of 4. If you make 3 tosses you get the combinations given in the first paragraph.

```
 10 PRINT "PASCAL'S TRIANGLE"
 15 PRINT "First column=Number of           Selections"
 18 PRINT "second column=Total number     possible combinations"
 20 PRINT: FOR N=1 TO 8
 25 PRINT N;"  ";2^N;"  ";
 30 FOR R=0 TO N
 40 LET C=1
 50 FOR X=N TO (N-R+1) STEP-1
 60 LET C=C*X/(N-X+1)
 70 NEXT X
 80 PRINT C;" ";
 90 NEXT R
100 PRINT:PRINT
110 NEXT N
```