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This program is a darkroom chemistry reference tool that stores and displays photographic developer formulas for black-and-white film processing. It maintains string arrays for developers, accelerators, restrainers, and preservatives, then presents a menu of seven processing options including Delagi No. 8, divided D-76, Beers two-solution paper developer, and Ansel Adams Zone System HC-110 times. Each formula subroutine prints chemical names drawn from the named arrays alongside gram weights and development times, then waits for a keypress using PAUSE 4E4 before returning to the menu. Lines 2–4 indicate a machine code loader routine: CLEAR 64715 protects high RAM, LOAD “”CODE brings in a binary block, and RANDOMIZE USR 64719 executes it, likely providing the colored splash screen support used in line 7010.
Program Analysis
Program Structure
The program opens at line 1 with GO TO 5, bypassing lines 2–4 on a normal run. Lines 2–4 form a machine code bootstrap sequence: CLEAR 64715 reserves high memory, LOAD ""CODE loads a binary block, and RANDOMIZE USR 64719 executes it. Line 5 calls subroutine 7000, which dimensions the string arrays and displays a splash screen, then returns to line 10 to populate the arrays.
The main menu runs from lines 54–100. User input is taken at line 84 and dispatched to one of seven formula subroutines via consecutive IF … THEN GO SUB tests. Each subroutine ends with RETURN, bringing execution back after the dispatching line and falling through to the next test — a common BASIC pattern since there is no ELSE.
Lines 98–100 attempt to loop back to the menu for unrecognized input using the label 50, which does not exist as a line number; in practice the GO TO 50 at line 100 would jump to line 54 (the nearest line at or after 50), since the interpreter selects the first line with a number ≥ the target.
Array Initialization
All string arrays are dimensioned in subroutine 7000 at line 7000 before any elements are assigned. The arrays and their roles are:
D$(7,20)— developer agents (Elon/Metol, Glycin, Amidol, p-Amino Phenol, Phenidone, p-Phenylene Diamine, Hydroquinone)A$(4,20)— accelerators/alkalis (Borax, Sodium Carbonate, Kodalk, Sodium Hydroxide)R$(3,20)— restrainers (Potassium Bromide, “To Be Found”, Benzadrol)P$(2,20)— preservative, with onlyP$(1)assigned (“Sodium Sulfite”)
Note that P$ is dimensioned for two entries but only one is ever populated; P$(2) is never set.
Formula Subroutines
| Line | Formula | Film/Paper Target |
|---|---|---|
| 500 | Delagi No. 8 (Phenidone-based) | Kodak Tech Pan, 40 ASA |
| 600 | Modified Stockler two-bath | Tri-X / HP-5 |
| 700 | Edwal FG-7 two-bath | Tech Pan 2415 |
| 800 | Divided D-76 | General purpose |
| 900 | Two-bath Phenidone | General purpose |
| 1000 | Beers two-solution variable-contrast | Paper printing |
| 1300 | Ansel Adams Zone System HC-110 | Multiple films, 35mm and 120 |
Subroutine 5000 is a secondary reference for Tech Pan in Paterson Acutol and Rodinol, called from the end of the Tech Pan/FG-7 subroutine (line 598) rather than from the main menu.
Notable Techniques
- PAUSE 4E4 —
4E4equals 40,000 frames (~11 minutes at 50 Hz), used throughout as an indefinite wait for a keypress before clearing the screen and returning. - String arrays as a data store — chemical names are stored in fixed-length string arrays and reused across multiple subroutines, reducing repeated literal strings and simplifying edits.
- Inline branch via subroutine — the Tech Pan/FG-7 subroutine at line 763 conditionally jumps to line 1500 (Pan-X/Rodinol table) via
GO TOrather thanGO SUB, meaning that path exits throughGO TO 50at line 1590 instead ofRETURN, bypassing the normal menu return flow. - Concatenated PRINT items — many lines use comma-separated expressions in a single
PRINTstatement to place chemical names and quantities side by side using the tab-stop columns. - FLASH 1 splash screen — line 7012 uses
FLASH 1to animate the author credit, paused for approximately four seconds (200 frames) by line 7015.
Bugs and Anomalies
- Duplicate assignments —
R$(1)(“Potassium Bromide”) is assigned at both line 21 and line 53, andP$(1)(“Sodium Sulfite”) at both lines 52 and 550’s implicit reference. The duplication at line 53 is harmless but redundant. - Logic error at lines 98–100 — the condition
Q$<>"1" OR Q$<>"2"is a tautology: for any value ofQ$, at least one of the two inequalities is always true, so theCLSandGO TO 50execute unconditionally after all theGO SUBdispatches have been attempted. The intent was presumablyANDrather thanOR. - Missing line 50 —
GO TO 50targets a non-existent line; the interpreter will jump to line 54, which is theCLSat the top of the menu, so the behavior is functionally correct. - Beers table misprint — line 1170 prints
SOL. B 0 1 2 3 4 5 14; the last value should conventionally be6, making the total 16 as shown in line 1190. This appears to be a data entry error. - Line 110 STOP unreachable — after lines 98–100 always branch or loop, line 110 (
STOP) is never reached in normal execution.
Save Line
Line 8000 saves the program with SAVE "formulary" LINE 7, causing it to auto-run from line 7 (the initialization subroutine call) when loaded, bypassing the machine code loader at lines 2–4.
Content
Image Gallery
Source Code
1 GO TO 5
2 CLEAR 64715
3 LOAD ""CODE
4 RANDOMIZE USR 64719
5 GO SUB 7000
10 LET D$(1)="ELON/METOL"
11 LET D$(2)="GLYCIN"
12 LET D$(3)="AMIDOL"
13 LET D$(4)="P-AMINO PHENOL"
14 LET D$(5)="PHENIDONE"
15 LET D$(6)="P-PHENYLENE DIAMINE"
16 LET D$(7)="HYDROQUINONE"
17 LET A$(1)="BORAX"
18 LET A$(2)="SODIUM CARBONATE"
19 LET A$(3)="KODALK"
20 LET A$(4)="SODIUM HYDROXIDE"
21 LET R$(1)="POTASSIUM BROMIDE"
22 LET R$(2)="TO BE FOUND"
24 LET R$(3)="BENZADROL"
52 LET P$(1)="SODIUM SULFITE"
53 LET R$(1)="POTASSIUM BROMIDE"
54 CLS
55 PRINT "SELECT BY NUMBER THE"
58 PRINT " DEVELOPER APPLICATION"
60 PRINT
65 PRINT
70 PRINT "1. CONTINUOUS TONE ON TECH PAN FILM."
72 PRINT
74 PRINT "2. TWO-BATH FINE-GRAIN TRI-X OR HP-5"
75 PRINT
76 PRINT "3. USING EDWAL FG-7 FOR TECH PAN"
77 PRINT
78 PRINT "4.TWO-BATH D-76 DEVELOPER"
79 PRINT
80 PRINT "5. LEICA FOTOGRAFIE 1968-1","TWO-BATH ";D$(5)
81 PRINT
82 PRINT "6. BEERS 2-SOLUTION PAPER","DEVELOPER (VAR. CONTRAST) "
83 PRINT "7. ZONE SYSTEM USE KODAK HC-110"
84 INPUT Q$
85 IF Q$="1" THEN GO SUB 500
90 IF Q$="2" THEN GO SUB 600
91 IF Q$="3" THEN GO SUB 700
92 IF Q$="4" THEN GO SUB 800
94 IF Q$="5" THEN GO SUB 900
95 IF Q$="6" THEN GO SUB 1000
97 IF Q$="7" THEN GO SUB 1300
98 IF Q$<>"1" OR Q$<>"2" THEN CLS
100 IF Q$<>"1" OR Q$<>"2" THEN GO TO 50
110 STOP
500 CLS
510 PRINT
520 PRINT TAB 12;"DELAGI NO. 8"
530 PRINT TAB 7;"(EXPOSE FILM AT 40 ASA)"
535 PRINT
540 PRINT "WATER (AT 38C/100F).......500 ML"
550 PRINT ;P$(1);".......25 G."
560 PRINT ;D$(5);"......1.4 G."
570 PRINT A$(3);"OR ",A$(1);"......0.8 G."
580 PRINT ;R$(3);"* ONE KODAK ANTI-FOG NO.1 TABLET"
590 PRINT "WATER TO MAKE ...........1000 ML"
591 PRINT
592 PRINT
593 PRINT "USE AT 20C, 15 MIN. WITH INTER- MITTENT AGITATION."
594 PRINT "ONE-SHOT, USE ONCE AND DISCARD. FIX, WASH AND DRY AS USUAL."
595 PRINT "* OR USE 3.0 ML EDWAL ORTHAZITE PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE"
596 PAUSE 4E4
597 CLS
598 GO SUB 5000
599 RETURN
600 CLS
605 PRINT TAB 5;" TRI-X MODIFIED STOCKLER"
610 PRINT
615 PRINT "BATH A:"
620 PRINT "WATER (90F)..............750 ML"
625 PRINT D$(1);".....7.0 G."
630 PRINT P$(1);".....75 G."
632 PRINT "WATER TO MAKE...........1000 ML"
635 PRINT
640 PRINT "BATH B:"
650 PRINT "WATER...................1000 ML"
655 PRINT A$(1),A$(3);"....10.0 G."
660 PRINT
665 PRINT "DEVELOP IN BATH A:5 MIN./IN BATH B: 5 MIN. TEMP. 20C TO 25C, NO RINSE BETWEEN A AND B, FIX,WASH, AND DRY AS USUAL."
666 PRINT
668 PRINT TAB 3;"PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE"
670 PAUSE 4E4
675 CLS
680 RETURN
700 CLS
705 PRINT TAB 6;"TECHPAN 2415 IN EDWAL FG-7"
710 PRINT "FILL TWO KODAK FILM CANS:"
715 PRINT TAB 5;"ONE WITH FG-7 STOCK"
720 PRINT TAB 5;"ONE WITH ";P$(1)
730 PRINT "ADD ABOVE TO 16 OZ. WATER"'" AND DISSOLVE."
735 PRINT "LOAD TANK, PRE-SOAK 1 MIN IN WATER AT 20C/68F"
740 PRINT "AT 20C/68F, DEVELOP:"
750 PRINT TAB 5;"FOR ASA 32: 2 MIN"
755 PRINT TAB 5;"FOR ASA 64; 3 MIN"
757 PRINT
760 PRINT "AGITATE CONT. IN PRE-SOAK AND FIRST 15 SEC. IN DEV. AND 5 SEC. EVERY 30 SEC. FROM THEN ON."
761 PRINT "FOR PAN-X AND RODINOL, ENTER R , TO CONTINUE, ENTER C "
762 INPUT Q$
763 IF Q$="R" THEN GO TO 1500
765 CLS
766 RETURN
800 CLS
802 PRINT TAB 10;"DIVIDED D-76 "
803 PRINT
805 PRINT "SOLUTION A :"
807 PRINT TAB 5;"WATER AT 125F, 750 ML:"
810 PRINT TAB 5;D$(1);"2.0 G."
815 PRINT TAB 5;P$(1);"100 G."
820 PRINT TAB 5;D$(7);"5.0 G."
825 PRINT TAB 5;R$(1);"1.0 G."
830 PRINT TAB 5;"WATER TO MAKE 1 LITER"
835 PRINT
840 PRINT "SOLUTION B :"
845 PRINT TAB 5;A$(3);"50 G."
850 PRINT TAB 5;"WATER 1000 ML"
860 PRINT
870 PRINT "AT 65F TO 85F,DEVELOP 3 MIN. IN A THEN B WITH NO PRE-SOAK OR STOP BATH, THEN FIX, WASH-DRY AS USUAL. ";
885 PRINT "FOR AVAILABLE LIGHT:",D$(1);" 4.0 G. ",D$(7);" 7.5 G."
886 PRINT "MAY BE RE-USED FOR 6-MONTHS"," PRESS ANY KEY TO RETURN"
888 PAUSE 4E4
889 CLS
890 RETURN
900 CLS
905 PRINT TAB 8;"TWO-BATH ";D$(5)
910 PRINT
915 PRINT "SOLUTION A :"
917 PRINT TAB 4;"WATER (100F) 750 ML"
920 PRINT TAB 4;P$(1);"50 G."
925 PRINT TAB 4;D$(7);" 5 G."
930 PRINT TAB 4;D$(5);".3 G."
935 PRINT TAB 4;R$(1);".5 G."
940 PRINT TAB 4;"WATER TO MAKE 1 LITER"
945 PRINT
950 PRINT "SOLUTION B :"
952 PRINT TAB 4;"WATER (100F) 1 LITER"
955 PRINT TAB 4;A$(3);"20 G."
960 PRINT TAB 4;"BORIC ACID 10 G."
970 PRINT TAB 4;R$(1);".5 G."
975 PRINT
980 PRINT "DEV. IN A & B 3 MIN. AT 20C/68F."'"NO PRE-SOAK OR RINSE BETWEEN A&B."
982 PRINT TAB 3;"PRESS ANY KEY TO RETURN"
985 PAUSE 4E4
987 CLS
990 RETURN
1000 CLS
1003 PRINT "SOLUTION A :(BEERS 7-CONTRAST)"
1005 PRINT "WATER..............750 ML"
1010 PRINT D$(1);"8.0 G."
1020 PRINT P$(1);"23.0 G."
1030 PRINT A$(2);"23.4 G."
1040 PRINT R$(1);"1.1 G."
1050 PRINT "WATER TO MAKE.....1000 ML"
1055 PRINT
1060 PRINT "SOLUTION B :"
1070 PRINT "WATER..............750 ML"
1080 PRINT D$(7);"8.0 G."
1090 PRINT P$(1);"23.0 G."
1100 PRINT A$(2);"27.0 G."
1110 PRINT R$(1);"2.2 G."
1120 PRINT "WATER TO MAKE.....1000 ML"
1130 PRINT TAB 11;"LOW";TAB 20;"NORM.";TAB 29;"HI"
1140 PRINT "CONTRAST 1 2 3 4 5 6 7"
1150 PRINT ".(PARTS)......................."
1160 PRINT "SOL. A 8 7 6 5 4 3 2"
1170 PRINT "SOL. B 0 1 2 3 4 5 14"
1180 PRINT "WATER 8 8 8 8 8 8 0"
1190 PRINT "TOTAL 16 16 16 16 16 16 16"
1200 PAUSE 4E4
1205 CLS
1210 RETURN
1300 CLS
1302 PRINT "ANSEL ADAM'S ZONE SYSTEM: HC-110"
1305 PRINT
1310 PRINT TAB 2;"FILM";TAB 10;"E.I.";TAB 16;"DEVELOPING TIME"
1320 PRINT "(DILUTED TO ) 1:7 1:15"
1325 PRINT
1330 PRINT "35MM:"
1340 PRINT "PAN F";TAB 10;"20";TAB 17;"--";TAB 28;"7.00"
1350 PRINT "PAN-X";TAB 10;"20";TAB 17;"--";TAB 28;"7.75"
1360 PRINT "FP4";TAB 10;"80";TAB 17;"4.75";TAB 27;"10.75"
1365 PRINT "TRI-X";TAB 9;"200";TAB 17;"6.75";TAB 27;"15.00"
1370 PRINT "120 ROLL:"
1380 PRINT "PAN-X";TAB 10;"20";TAB 17;"--";TAB 28;"8.50"
1390 PRINT "FP4";TAB 10;"64";TAB 17;"5.00";TAB 27;"11.00"
1400 PRINT "TRI-X PROF.";TAB 9;"200";TAB 17;"5.50";TAB 27;"12.00"
1410 PRINT
1420 PRINT "ALL FILMS DEVELOPED AT 68F/20C. AGITATION IS 5 SEC. EVERY 30 SEC E.I. IS TESTED FILM SPEED FOR DIFFUSION ENLARGER. IF CONDENSER-SOURCE REDUCE DEV. TIME 20 PERCENT"
1430 PAUSE 4E4
1435 CLS
1440 RETURN
1500 CLS
1510 PRINT "KODAK PAN-X IN RODINOL"
1520 PRINT
1530 PRINT "SUB. CONTRAST E.I. DILUTE TIME"
1540 PRINT
1550 PRINT TAB 4;"HIGH";TAB 15;" 8";TAB 20;"1:100";TAB 27;"5 MIN "
1560 PRINT TAB 4;"NORMAL";TAB 15;"16";TAB 20;"1:50";TAB 27;"5 MIN "
1570 PRINT TAB 4;"LOW";TAB 15;"32";TAB 20;"1:50";TAB 27;"7 MIN "
1580 PRINT "DEVELOPING TIME FOR 20C/68F"," BILL PIERCE POPULAR PHOTOGRAPHY 8/76"
1582 PRINT TAB 3;"PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE"
1585 PAUSE 4E4
1587 CLS
1590 GO TO 50
1600 STOP
5000 PRINT
5010 PRINT AT 2,10;"KODAK TECHPAN 2415 IN PATERSON ACUTOL (ASA 50 RATING)"
5020 PRINT
5030 PRINT "DILUTE ACUTOL 1 PART CONCENTRATE TO 20 PARTS WATER"
5035 PRINT
5040 PRINT "DEVELOP AT 20C/68F 10 MIN. FOR COND. ENL. OR 13 MIN. FOR","DIFFUSION."
5045 PRINT
5050 PRINT "AGITATE ONE INVERSION PER MINUTE "
5055 PRINT
5060 PRINT "SHORT-STOP, FIX, AND WASH AS USUAL"
5063 PRINT TAB 3;"PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE"
5065 PAUSE 4E4
5067 CLS
5070 PRINT TAB 3;"KODAK TECHPAN IN RODINOL"
5075 PRINT TAB 3;"************************"
5080 PRINT
5081 PRINT "EXPOSE AT 25 ASA FOR RODINOL"
5082 PRINT
5083 PRINT
5085 PRINT "DILUTE RODINOL....1:125"
5090 PRINT
5095 PRINT "DEVELOP AT 68F/20C"," FOR 6 MINUTES"
6000 PRINT
6010 PRINT "AGITATE 5 SECONDS","EACH 30 SECONDS"
6015 PRINT
6020 PRINT "SHORT-STOP, FIX, AND WASH "
6030 PRINT
6040 PRINT "PRESS ANY KEY TO RETURN"
6050 PAUSE 4E4
6055 CLS
6060 RETURN
7000 DIM d$(7,20): DIM a$(4,20): DIM p$(2,20): DIM R$(3,20)
7010 BORDER 1: PAPER 1: INK 7: CLS
7012 PRINT AT 7,10; FLASH 1;"FROM THE DARKROOM of"'" BOB HOWARD WA6DLI"
7015 PAUSE 200: FLASH 0
7020 RETURN
8000 SAVE "formulary" LINE 7Note: Type-in program listings on this website use ZMAKEBAS notation for graphics characters.