The Abandonment of the computer scene by the Timex Corp. have caused us, the users, to fall on hard days because of lack of software and hardware support. The only avenue of support for our computers is either through conversion of Spectrum software, or through the use of the Spectrum emulator in conjunction with the TS2068.
In order to facilitate the software conversion process, it is essential to be equipped with an atlas of the memory maps, establishing the correspondence of addresses between the two computers. Such an atlas should also benefit MC programmers in effectively utilizing the ROM routines. Finally, it is hoped that the Atlas will help all the PEEKers, the curious, and the explorers of TS-Land in using the supplied addresses as beacons to find their path in the ROM maze.
The organization of the Atlas is based on ascending addresses of the Spectrum ROM. The labels and names are those used by Ian Logan and Frank O’Hara in their excellent book, “The Complete Spectrum ROM Disassembly”, available from Melbourne House and Zebra Systems. As such, the book is indispensable for the purpose of efficient MC programming and for software conversion.
The Atlas then provides the corresponding ROM addresses for the TS2068, and all the names and labels I could find in Corcoran and Branigin’s “Timex 2068 Technical Manual”.
To obtain the disassembly of the TS2068 16K Home ROM as well as the 8K Extension ROM (EXROM), one needs a good disassembler. Ray Kingsley’s HOT Z-2068 assembler-disassembler is very highly recommended (see SYNTAX May issue). The HOT Z has a large NAMES file which can be loaded with the program, providing subroutine names and some labels for the disassembly. The HOT Z self starts in the disassembly mode, displaying the 16k Home ROM from address 0000H.
The 8K EXROM overlays the first 8K chunk of the 16K Home ROM. In order to either disassemble or use the routines in the EXROM the bank-switching logic should be activated, the desired task performed, and then the EXPROM is to de-activated.
To illustrate, in the following example the content of the EXROM is copied to the RAM starting at location 8000H, where it can be disassembled and displayed.
DI LD BC,2000
LD A,01 LDIR
OUT (F4),A XOR A
IN A,(FF) OUT (FF), A
SET 7,A OUT (F4),A
OUT (FF),A EI
LD HL,0000 RET
LD DE,8000The use of the EXROM subroutines is illustrated in the next example. The routine is for reading the “header” on TS2068 tapes. The “header” constitutes of 17 bytes of information on program name, whether it is Basic, MC, Data, etc., and whether it is auto-starting and from what line, the # of bytes, etc. (See chart on P. 112 of TS Tech. Manual). The routine jumps to the EXROM, and uses the R-TAPE subroutine at 00FCH. The 17 bytes of “header” information is stored in the RAM starting at location 8000H.
SCF LD, A,01
LD A,00 OUT (F4),A
LD IX,8000 POP AF
LD DE,0011 CALL R-TAPE
DI LD A,(5C81)
PUSH AF OUT (F4),A
IN A,(FF) IN A,(FF)
SET 7,A RES 7,A
OUT (FF),A OUT (FF),A
IN A,(F4) EI
LD (5C81),A RETThe use of the above routine with a suitable Basic program, greatly facilitates the conversion process by identifying the various parts of a program, storage requirements, starting addresses, etc.
A final note concerning the EXROM disassembly for TS2068, and a comparison to Logan’s Spectrum disassembly is in order. The Atlas shows that all cassette handling routines in the TS2068 are located in the EXROM. These routines depend on subroutines and RST’s in the Home ROM. Thus whenever a RST or a call to the Home ROM is necessary, bank switching has to be performed. To achieve this, corresponding to every CALL or RST in the Spectrum cassette handling routines, there exists a 23 byte code segment in the TS2068 EXROM, which starts with a PUSH IX and terminates with POP IX. The purpose of the code is preserving, and setting up of some registers, as well as a call to a service routine at 0F99H in the EXROM. The service routine transfers the calls to the bank switching code in the RAM, which in turn completes the call to the Home ROM.
Copy Right , N.A. Pashtoon Aug. 1984
Published in Nov. ’84 SYNTAX
CROSS REFERENCE TABLES TS2068 TO SPECTRUM
In the following tables the routines in TS 2068 are provided in alphabetical order, as supplied in the TS2068 Technical Manual. The Address for the corresponding Spectrum routine is then provided. Thus if you are in possession of the TS2068 disassembly, you may check the following cross reference tables, you will obtain the address of the Spectrum routine. Then you can consult your copy of Logan and O’Hara’s Spectrum ROM Disassembly, and obtain the necessary information for programming your TS2068 properly. N.A. Pashtoon
CROSS REFERENCE TABLES. TS2068 to SPECTRUM
LOAD MAP
MODULE ORIGIN LENGTH
BLOCK 0000 0000
BASIC 0000 0227
KSCAN 0227 02D9
IO_1 0500 0502
IO_2 0A02 031B
EDIT 0D1D 0682
CHANS 139F 0142
LIST 14E1 02D4
AROS 17B5 0190
SYNTAX 1945 080A
SYNTWO 214F 04B4
GRAPHS 2603 0251
EXPRN 2854 041C
IDENT 2C70 03E9
INOUT 3059 0301
SUMS 335A 032A
CALC 3684 0437
FUNCTS 3ABB 01CE
TAPEMSG 3C89 0053
CH_SET 3D00 0300
GLOBAL ADDRESS MODULE Speccy
addr.
ACS 3C5E FUNCTS
ADD 33D3 SUMS 3014
ALNUM? 3046 IDENT 2C88
ALPHA? 304B IDENT 2C8D
ANGLE 3B9E FUNCTS 3783
AROS 18C6 AROS ----
ARRAY 37C5 CALC 3406
AR_LN 17EA AROS ----
AR_NXT 17FF AROS ----
ASN 3C4E FUNCTS 3833
ATN 3BFD FUNCTS 3762
ATTBYT 0710 IO_1 0BDB
BEEP 0436 KSCAN 03F8
BORDER 243E SYNTWO 2294
BREAK? 2009 SYNTAX 1F54
CAT 25C8 SYNTWO 1793
CHCODE 0371 KSCAN 0333
CHINIT 11AA EDIT 15AF
CHK_SZ 1FBB SYNTAX 1F05
CIRCLE 2679 GRAPHS 2320
CLCHAN 13BE CHANS 1701
CLEAR 1F36 SYNTAX 1EAC
CLEL 133F EDIT 1680
CLLHS 08A9 IO_1 0D6E
CLOSE 139F CHANS 16E5
CLPR 0A35 IO_2 0EDF
CLR_BC 1F39 SYNTAX 1EAF
CLS 08EA IO_1 0DAF
CLS_B 097F IO_1 0E44
COLITM 23A6 SYNTWO 21FC
COLOUR 23DE SYNTWO 2234
CONT 1EE4 SYNTAX 1E5F
COS 3BC5 FUNCTS 37AA
CP_BC 16E8 LIST 1980
CTRO 371A CALC 335B
DATA 1E82 SYNTAX 1E27
DEF 201D SYNTAX 1F60
DELREC 1750 LIST 19E8
DELSYM 087B IO_2 1015
DEL_DE 174D LIST 19E5
DEL_K 0BFE IO_2 1097
DESLUG 0D0D IO_2 11A7
DE_HL 1668 LIST 191C
DIGIT? 30D9 INOUT 2D1B
DIM 2FC0 IDENT 2C02
DIVIDE 356E SUMS 31AF
DRAW 26DB GRAPHS 2382
DRAWLN 2813 GRAPHS 24BA
DRAW_L 2810 GRAPHS 24B7
DUMPPR 0A23 IO_2 0ECD
DYADIC 1BDC SYNTAX 1C79
ECHO 0C83 IO_2 111D
EDIT_K 0A82 IO_2 0F2C
END? 1B44 SYNTAX 1BEE
ENDSTT 1AB9 SYNTAX 1B76
ENDTEM 1B4A SYNTAX 1BF4
ERASE 25D4 SYNTWO 1793
ERR2 1B91 SYNTAX 1C2E
ERR4 1FCF SYNTAX 1F15
ERR5 07C1 IO_1 0C86
ERR6 356C SUMS 31AD
ERRB 1F29 SYNTAX 1E9F
ERRH 237E SYNTWO 21D4
ERRO 123D EDIT 160E
EXCUTE 1AD8 SYNTAX 1B8A
EXP 3ADF FUNCTS 36C4
EXPRN 2854 EXPRN 24FB
FIND_L 16D6 LIST 196E
FIND_N 2C70 IDENT 28B2
FIX_U 1F23 SYNTAX 1E99
FIX_U1 1F1E SYNTAX 1E94
FLASHA 160D LIST 18C1
FLOAT 3656 SUMS 3297
FOR 1C78 SYNTAX 1D03
FORMAT 25CC SYNTWO 1793
FP2A 3193 INOUT 2DD5
FP2BC 3160 INOUT 2DA2
F_ATTR 28D7 EXPRN 2580
F_INKY 29F2 EXPRN 2634
F_PI 29E5 EXPRN 2627
F_PNT 2624 GRAPHS 22CB
F_SCRN 288E EXPRN 2535
GETAL 17CF AROS ----
GET_EL 2D54 IDENT 2996
GET_LN 1324 EDIT 1695
GET_XY 2660 GRAPHS 2307
GO_SUB 1F99 SYNTAX 1EED
GR_COL 238C SYNTWO 21E2
HIFLSH 241D SYNTWO 2273
INCH 11E1 EDIT 15E6
ININT 30F9 INOUT 2D3B
INIT 0D31 EDIT 11CB
INPUT 222B SYNTWO 2089
INSi 12B8 EDIT 1652
INSA 0AE7 IO_2 0F81
INSERT 12BB EDIT 1655
INT 3ACA FUNCTS 36AF
INTDIV 3ABB FUNCTS 36A0
INTPT? 2889 EXPRN 2530
IN_K 0C0E IO_2 10A8
I_SEQ 226B SYNTWO 20C1
JUMP 1EF1 SYNTAX 1E67
K_BASE 035C KSCAN 031E
K_CLS 08A6 IO_1 0D6B
K_DUMP 0A02 IO_2 0EAC
K_LIST 1545 LIST 17F9
K_LLST 1541 LIST 17F5
K_LPR 2155 SYNTWO 1FC9
K_NEW 0D1D EDIT 11B7
K_PRIN 2159 SYNTWO 1FCD
K_SCAN 02B0 KSCAN 028E
LCU2 132D EDIT 169E
LDDE 313D INOUT 2D7F
LDMES 3CA8 TAPEMSG ----
LDTVCU 061A IO_1 0B03
LE3 0055 BASIC 0055
LED18 0E2F EDIT 12A9
LED4 0E8D EDIT 1303?
LET 2EBD IDENT 2AFF
LINENO 1768 LIST 198F
LIST 14E1 LIST 1795
LN 3B2E FUNCTS 3713
LPO 15AC LIST 1860
LS4 1A44 SYNTAX 1828
LT22 1BBC SYNTAX 1C59
MOVE 25D0 SYNTWO 1793
MULT 3468 SUMS 30A9
NC_HL 0077 BASIC 0077
NEGATE 382D CALC 346E
NEW 0D7F EDIT 1219
NEWDEV 24D2 SYNTWO ----
NEXT 1D55 SYNTAX 1DAB
NEXTCH 0074 BASIC 0074
NEXT_L 165B LIST 190F
NOTKB? 2380 SYNTWO 21D6
NXT_HL 2C69 EXPRN 28AB
OPCHAN 1465 CHANS 175D
OPEN 142A CHANS 1736
OPTNO 1C49 SYNTAX 1CDE
OUTPUT 31A1 INOUT 2DE3
PAEDCB 2E74 IDENT 2A86
PARP 03F3 KSCAN 0385
PASSEM 25B9 SYNTWO ----
PAUSE 1FEF SYNTAX 1F3A
PHLAF 004F BASIC ?
PLOT 2635 GRAPHS 22DC
PLOTBC 263E GRAPHS 22E5
PLUGIN 0000 BASIC 0000
POPSTR 2FAF IDENT 2BF1
PRSCAN 0A4A IO_2 0EF4
PR_CUR 162D LIST 18E1
PR_TV2 0776 IO_1 0C3B
PSHSTR 2E70 IDENT 2AB2
PUT 15C9 LIST 187D
PUTDIG 11EA EDIT 15EF
PUTMES 073F IO_1 0C0A
PUT_BC 1788 LIST 1A1B
PUT_LN 1795 LIST 1A28
PUT_SR 15A1 LIST 1855
P_LFT 053A IO_1 0A23
P_NL 0566 IO_1 0A4F
P_RT 0554 IO_1 0A3D
P_$EQ 217E SYNTWO 1FDF
RAMNO 377F CALC 33C0
RAND 1ED4 SYNTAX 1E4F
RDCH 11CF EDIT 15D4
READ 1D96 SYNTAX 1DEC
RECLEN 1720 LIST 19B8
REMGSZ 12CA EDIT 1664
RESET 1354 EDIT 16C5
RESTBC 1ECA SYNTAX 1E45
RETURN 1FD4 SYNTAX 1F23
RND 29B6 EXPRN 25F8
ROOM? 3768 CALC 33A9
ROOT 3C65 FUNCTS 384A
RSET 2454 SYNTWO ----
RSTSTR 13A8 CHANS 16EB
R_ATTS 0888 IO_1 0D4D
SCRL 0939 IO_1 0DFE
SCRMBL 2603 GRAPHS 22AA
SEARCH 136B EDIT 16DC
SELECT 1230 EDIT 1601
SEL_HL 1248 EDIT 1615
SENDCH 11ED EDIT 15F2
SENDTV 0500 IO_1 09F4
SEPRMT 3C89 TAPEMSG ----
SETCUR 0914 IO_1 0DD9
SETTVC 0914 IO_1 0DD9
SET_AT 05B2 IO_1 0A9B
SHIFT 339C SUMS 2FDD
SIN 3BD0 FUNCTS 37B5
SKIP 1D28 SYNTAX 1D86
SKIPIT 2569 SYNTWO ----
SLICER 2E10 IDENT 2A52
SMINIT 11C1 EDIT 15C6
SOUND 2128 SYNTAX ----
SRCHSC 1374 EDIT ----
STBOOL 3926 CALC 350B
STDE_S 314C INOUT 2D8E
STDE_U 314A INOUT 2D8C
STKUSN 3059 INOUT 2C9B
STK_O 1C51 SYNTAX 1CE6
STK_A 30E6 INOUT 2D28
STK_BC 30E9 INOUT 2D2B
STK_M 3773 CALC 33B4
STOP 1C59 SYNTAX 1CEE
STRITO 220F SYNTWO 2070
STTVCU 05F3 IO_1 0ADC
SUB 33CE SUMS 300F
SUBLIN 16F0 LIST 1988
SUBLN1 16F3 LIST 198B
SUMSLD 3379 SUMS 2FBA
SYNERR 1BED SYNTAX 1C8A
SYNTAX 1A27 SYNTAX 1B17
TAN 3BF5 FUNCTS 37DA
TC_HL 0078 BASIC 0078
TEM1 1B82 SYNTAX 1C1F
TEM10 1BEF SYNTAX 1C8C
TEM6 1BE5 SYNTAX 1C82
TEMP38 19E0 SYNTAX 1ADF
TEMP39 19E1 SYNTAX 1AE0
TERM? 21E7 SYNTWO 2048
TESTO 3904 CALC 34E9
TIMES 3489 SUMS 30CA
TOKENS 0098 BASIC 0095
TO_THE 3C6C FUNCTS 3851
TRUNC 35D3 SUMS 3214
TVFUL? 0790 IO_1 0C55
TV_COL 23BB SYNTWO 2211
UPD_K 02E1 KSCAN 028F
USRRET 3882 CALC ----
WRCH 0010 BASIC 0010
XEY 310D INOUT 2D4F
X_CALC 134E EDIT 168E
X_T_HL 1363 EDIT 1604
PROGRAM BLOCK -- 4000 BYTES
ENTRY: 0000
@ N.A. Pashtoon, Aug. 1984